Cronolgia historic Navile
The canal system of Bologna
silk processing
---
Tuesday, October 30, 2007
Monday, October 29, 2007
Ae86 Rc Car With Flip Lights
Cronolgia historic Navile
You can certainly define the unusual geography of the city of Bologna.
Unlike similar fact of all reality, he joined the urban area on the first land around the river Aposa away from Reno and Savena. Even today, noting a "plant" of Bologna apparent absence of a river that runs through it. Already in the year one thousand near the city suffered from such failure and began to build a network capable of providing artificial hydraulic driving force of irrigation of food and be a factor of production.
civil and commercial relations with other cities took place then navigating through the marsh, the first port city was placed on the "Piscariola, the current Forest Pescarola.
The action of the river and hill streams characterized by a strong connotation torrential emphasized at the time the silting up of the first area to the north of the city, making it difficult and dangerous navigation. I thought the Bolognese
then build a route of safe water between the swamp where the land began to emerge, thanks to the natural drainage to overcome.
E 'on the condition that the thought of opening a Bologna sure way to the sea, which is useful for businesses. The
Navile plumbing work must therefore be regarded not able to disperse water, thereby allowing the transit routes in both directions by shallow-draft boats.
be emphasized is the origin of the atypical Navile than other artificial channels, because it is not a carrier to transport water from one place to another in the dry area, but a container capable of preventing the water is released to be confused with waters outside of the marsh, thereby enabling a more secure browsing. To feed this
real "water highway" the whole natural and artificial urban hydraulic network was fed into Navile in order to use the same water, in town for energy production, and downstream navigation.
can be said that one of the most blatant and egregious examples of artificialisation to productive use and commercial territorio.Da then the system channel Rhine channel Savena Navile and has been a source of wealth for the city is also able to ensure a satisfactory hydraulic balance of urban land.
The achievement and maintenance of this system was far from easy: the Navile, in fact, suffered a serious original sin, has a natural slope that is greater than the river from which it is derived, and this will create a strong erosion of the banks and then expurgated and raising the embankment.
The new waterway also responded to the growing needs of expanding agriculture, and at that time stated that the plant systems Emilia.
The city, after the fall of the Roman Empire for five centuries had been reduced to being a little "oppidum", within the walls of selenite, underwent years of great expansion, the population soared, the policy of the City did so that different professionals were urged to move to Bologna.
All this requires energy for milling operations and easy marketing of processed products. The
Navile, so he saw the end of his secular vocation for river transport, already transformed into a vector for food irrigation, had, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, began to play an important new function, that of receptor and transport of urban waste water.
For centuries, in fact, the sewage of the city were placed in wells blacks, but with the reactivation of the Augustan aqueduct urban waste could no longer be contained, and Navile became the natural outlet of the city.
The century just ended has seen consolidation of the latter function, carried out along the canals of the Rhine and Savena, receiving the first urban waste directly, then, as they are completed the construction of the sewer system, only rain water, helping with what the proper attitude the territory.
The new century and the renewed need to Bologna will have once again valuable feedback from the system and the city of Reno and the carrier Savena Navile valley.
The existence of this artificial water supply will allow the implementation of important measures to improve the quality of life of our country.
A first important example is the next street cleaning fine dust carried by water is not potable, such as to reduce the pollutants produced by combustion of idrocarbiuri and improve the efficiency of water treatment plants.
Moreover, doing so will result in the containment of the adverse effects of the spill into natural waterways of the Rain water.
channels, for the most part incorporated in the urban area, even if they are considered as sites of significant conservation value, will be key aspect of physical development; parks, ecological areas, bike paths and more, will join around the artificial hydraulic system, which Meanwhile, continue to work in agriculture.
In conclusion, we can certainly say that the work of preservation guaranteed by the Consortia of Reno and Savena channels, which allowed to keep alive the old hydraulic system to power the city and Navile, you now have a important tool for a balanced territorial development.
TRIVIA AND NEWS ON NAVILE
Navigability was insured for only seven months a year because of water shortages in summer.
The boats were stubby, shallow-draft (1.30 meters) and with the point raised by both sides so you can navigate in both directions.
average were long from 6 to 10 meters wide and 3.
There were also different types of boats: the
"bucintoro," which was a ship covered for the relevant departments of the passengers,
the "ship", or boat, used by the top navigation, that is up to Malalbergo, was intended to transport human and goods;
the Burchiello, was a boat full discovery, as well as the "sandal", more small size: the first was used in the top navigation, the second at the bottom.
The boats were all privately owned, and the "Paron" had a permit issued by the "Gabella Grossa, which had only small boats of service: for example," ghiacciarola "used to break the ice in winter.
The goods were made by the products of the Bolognese countryside, valleys and fresh fish of the same channel. They came to Bologna
also marbles, Adriatic fish, olive oil, wine and timber for construction. Most important was the salt, mostly from Cervia.
The first "mail carrier" was established in mid-1500, and connected two times a week Bologna and Ferrara to Venice.
Travelers lot of patience was required: 4 hours from the port to Corticella, and 7 hours to go Malalbergo.
The boats then were often dirty, and during the trip ate, slept, played, and often it was also robbed.
The professional designed to ensure the efficiency of the order were Navile:
the "guardian" of the port city, responsible for the entire port area;
the "Gabellino", which had the task of collecting duties; the
"cattenarolo," which had the task of preventing the release of the boats that had not paid the passage by pulling a chain from the opposite sides of the channel;
the "sostegnaroli", tasked with ensuring operation of the support;
the "Cavalcanti", that is the guardian who traveled on horseback monthly channel and schedule maintenance;
the "battifanghi", ie those who walk along the canal, clean the stay and banks, and finally,
the "captain" of Malalbergo, responsible for supporting the site where it was concluded the top navigation.
INTERACTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL LAND
The birth of Navile can be dated around the year one thousand.
At that time, in fact, just noed the Via Emilia, the wetlands began to stain mixed woodland which, further north again, mingled in the vast swamp of Po Delta areas were inhabited and cultivated areas were raised with artificial drains.
In the thirteenth century, the landscape began to change as a result of human action, that guided the choices to the cereal farming and viticulture.
The campaign began to be occupied by expensive infrastructure such as roads, intensive farming and waterways made necessary because of the lost wetland navigation, then flowed into the Rhine, Po, that little valley was divided into two branches, one north of Ferrara, said to "fly", and the south, called "primary."
In 1152 there was the natural and ruinous Ficarolo route, which followed. turn of the century, a new route artificial, always in the left side, which was formed through an additional branch located north of Ferrara, called "Po di Venezia".
It gave rise to the hydraulic disorder that characterized the later centuries, many rivers and hills could be seen stripped of its natural outlet to dump their water on the land conquered by man.
Po, due to the constant supply of airport area, the bed rose continuously, becoming increasingly unable to receive the waters of its tributaries, so that in later centuries, were recorded by the repeated flooding the hilly streams.
The Rhine was dammed and released only in the Po of Ferrara in 1522. In 1600 the Ferrarese
hijacked the Rhine, trying to bridge the valley of San Martino, and at the same time to recall the main street in the ancient riverbed of the Po
The plan failed because of insufficient operational techniques of the time, so that the reclamation led to increasingly filled south of the submerged areas.
The failures of Ferrara's poured over the countryside from Bologna, who suffered the consequences of what all the XII century.
Channel Navile until then continued to flow into the Po of primary, and navigation had two options: the first used this way, the second was made through the valleys in the direction of Comacchio. The frequent routes
Rhine poured over the plains to the north, forcing the navigation "Low" to move est.Nel 1742 Cardinal Lambertini, who became Pope with the name of Benedict XIV ordered the construction of a cable, which in his honor was called "Benedictine," in order to receive the waters of the Rhine, as well to those of rivers converging at Passo Segni, organs, Volta, Navile, and Savena Idice.
navigation at that point will pass through the Rhine, then in the Po Primaro through subsequent transshipment of persons and material.
The disastrous course of 1741 led, in 1795, placing the Navile in Reno at Passo Segni, and the ultimate canalization of the Rhine to the Po prime contemporary is the diversion of Savena IDE.
Since then, the first Napoleon. and other more recent, planned the release of the Rhine in large Po, without you switched to the operational phase.
Fabio Marchi (Secretary General of the Consortium and Channel Lock Casalecchio di Reno)
Transcription courtesy of the publisher allowed here "Sun Mountain Bike Group," pub " Navile of the bike lane." 
You can certainly define the unusual geography of the city of Bologna. Unlike similar fact of all reality, he joined the urban area on the first land around the river Aposa away from Reno and Savena. Even today, noting a "plant" of Bologna apparent absence of a river that runs through it. Already in the year one thousand near the city suffered from such failure and began to build a network capable of providing artificial hydraulic driving force of irrigation of food and be a factor of production.
civil and commercial relations with other cities took place then navigating through the marsh, the first port city was placed on the "Piscariola, the current Forest Pescarola.
The action of the river and hill streams characterized by a strong connotation torrential emphasized at the time the silting up of the first area to the north of the city, making it difficult and dangerous navigation. I thought the Bolognese
then build a route of safe water between the swamp where the land began to emerge, thanks to the natural drainage to overcome.
E 'on the condition that the thought of opening a Bologna sure way to the sea, which is useful for businesses. The
Navile plumbing work must therefore be regarded not able to disperse water, thereby allowing the transit routes in both directions by shallow-draft boats.
be emphasized is the origin of the atypical Navile than other artificial channels, because it is not a carrier to transport water from one place to another in the dry area, but a container capable of preventing the water is released to be confused with waters outside of the marsh, thereby enabling a more secure browsing. To feed this
real "water highway" the whole natural and artificial urban hydraulic network was fed into Navile in order to use the same water, in town for energy production, and downstream navigation.
can be said that one of the most blatant and egregious examples of artificialisation to productive use and commercial territorio.Da then the system channel Rhine channel Savena Navile and has been a source of wealth for the city is also able to ensure a satisfactory hydraulic balance of urban land.
The achievement and maintenance of this system was far from easy: the Navile, in fact, suffered a serious original sin, has a natural slope that is greater than the river from which it is derived, and this will create a strong erosion of the banks and then expurgated and raising the embankment.
The new waterway also responded to the growing needs of expanding agriculture, and at that time stated that the plant systems Emilia.
The city, after the fall of the Roman Empire for five centuries had been reduced to being a little "oppidum", within the walls of selenite, underwent years of great expansion, the population soared, the policy of the City did so that different professionals were urged to move to Bologna.
All this requires energy for milling operations and easy marketing of processed products. The
Navile, so he saw the end of his secular vocation for river transport, already transformed into a vector for food irrigation, had, at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, began to play an important new function, that of receptor and transport of urban waste water.
For centuries, in fact, the sewage of the city were placed in wells blacks, but with the reactivation of the Augustan aqueduct urban waste could no longer be contained, and Navile became the natural outlet of the city.
The century just ended has seen consolidation of the latter function, carried out along the canals of the Rhine and Savena, receiving the first urban waste directly, then, as they are completed the construction of the sewer system, only rain water, helping with what the proper attitude the territory.
The new century and the renewed need to Bologna will have once again valuable feedback from the system and the city of Reno and the carrier Savena Navile valley.
The existence of this artificial water supply will allow the implementation of important measures to improve the quality of life of our country.
A first important example is the next street cleaning fine dust carried by water is not potable, such as to reduce the pollutants produced by combustion of idrocarbiuri and improve the efficiency of water treatment plants.
Moreover, doing so will result in the containment of the adverse effects of the spill into natural waterways of the Rain water.
channels, for the most part incorporated in the urban area, even if they are considered as sites of significant conservation value, will be key aspect of physical development; parks, ecological areas, bike paths and more, will join around the artificial hydraulic system, which Meanwhile, continue to work in agriculture.
In conclusion, we can certainly say that the work of preservation guaranteed by the Consortia of Reno and Savena channels, which allowed to keep alive the old hydraulic system to power the city and Navile, you now have a important tool for a balanced territorial development.
TRIVIA AND NEWS ON NAVILE
Navigability was insured for only seven months a year because of water shortages in summer.
The boats were stubby, shallow-draft (1.30 meters) and with the point raised by both sides so you can navigate in both directions.
average were long from 6 to 10 meters wide and 3.
There were also different types of boats: the
"bucintoro," which was a ship covered for the relevant departments of the passengers,
the "ship", or boat, used by the top navigation, that is up to Malalbergo, was intended to transport human and goods;
the Burchiello, was a boat full discovery, as well as the "sandal", more small size: the first was used in the top navigation, the second at the bottom.
The boats were all privately owned, and the "Paron" had a permit issued by the "Gabella Grossa, which had only small boats of service: for example," ghiacciarola "used to break the ice in winter.
The goods were made by the products of the Bolognese countryside, valleys and fresh fish of the same channel. They came to Bologna
also marbles, Adriatic fish, olive oil, wine and timber for construction. Most important was the salt, mostly from Cervia.
The first "mail carrier" was established in mid-1500, and connected two times a week Bologna and Ferrara to Venice.
Travelers lot of patience was required: 4 hours from the port to Corticella, and 7 hours to go Malalbergo.
The boats then were often dirty, and during the trip ate, slept, played, and often it was also robbed.
The professional designed to ensure the efficiency of the order were Navile:
the "guardian" of the port city, responsible for the entire port area;
the "Gabellino", which had the task of collecting duties; the
"cattenarolo," which had the task of preventing the release of the boats that had not paid the passage by pulling a chain from the opposite sides of the channel;
the "sostegnaroli", tasked with ensuring operation of the support;
the "Cavalcanti", that is the guardian who traveled on horseback monthly channel and schedule maintenance;
the "battifanghi", ie those who walk along the canal, clean the stay and banks, and finally,
the "captain" of Malalbergo, responsible for supporting the site where it was concluded the top navigation.
INTERACTION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL LAND
The birth of Navile can be dated around the year one thousand.
At that time, in fact, just noed the Via Emilia, the wetlands began to stain mixed woodland which, further north again, mingled in the vast swamp of Po Delta areas were inhabited and cultivated areas were raised with artificial drains.
In the thirteenth century, the landscape began to change as a result of human action, that guided the choices to the cereal farming and viticulture.
The campaign began to be occupied by expensive infrastructure such as roads, intensive farming and waterways made necessary because of the lost wetland navigation, then flowed into the Rhine, Po, that little valley was divided into two branches, one north of Ferrara, said to "fly", and the south, called "primary."
In 1152 there was the natural and ruinous Ficarolo route, which followed. turn of the century, a new route artificial, always in the left side, which was formed through an additional branch located north of Ferrara, called "Po di Venezia".
It gave rise to the hydraulic disorder that characterized the later centuries, many rivers and hills could be seen stripped of its natural outlet to dump their water on the land conquered by man.
Po, due to the constant supply of airport area, the bed rose continuously, becoming increasingly unable to receive the waters of its tributaries, so that in later centuries, were recorded by the repeated flooding the hilly streams.
The Rhine was dammed and released only in the Po of Ferrara in 1522. In 1600 the Ferrarese
hijacked the Rhine, trying to bridge the valley of San Martino, and at the same time to recall the main street in the ancient riverbed of the Po
The plan failed because of insufficient operational techniques of the time, so that the reclamation led to increasingly filled south of the submerged areas.
The failures of Ferrara's poured over the countryside from Bologna, who suffered the consequences of what all the XII century.
Channel Navile until then continued to flow into the Po of primary, and navigation had two options: the first used this way, the second was made through the valleys in the direction of Comacchio. The frequent routes
Rhine poured over the plains to the north, forcing the navigation "Low" to move est.Nel 1742 Cardinal Lambertini, who became Pope with the name of Benedict XIV ordered the construction of a cable, which in his honor was called "Benedictine," in order to receive the waters of the Rhine, as well to those of rivers converging at Passo Segni, organs, Volta, Navile, and Savena Idice.
navigation at that point will pass through the Rhine, then in the Po Primaro through subsequent transshipment of persons and material.
The disastrous course of 1741 led, in 1795, placing the Navile in Reno at Passo Segni, and the ultimate canalization of the Rhine to the Po prime contemporary is the diversion of Savena IDE.
Since then, the first Napoleon. and other more recent, planned the release of the Rhine in large Po, without you switched to the operational phase.
Fabio Marchi (Secretary General of the Consortium and Channel Lock Casalecchio di Reno)
Transcription courtesy of the publisher allowed here "Sun Mountain Bike Group," pub " Navile of the bike lane."
Sunday, October 28, 2007
Tattoo Cover Without Makeup
The canal system of Bologna
Bologna in the Middle Ages had a dense network of waterways. Although this urban funnel has disappeared almost completely, it keeps track names in many cities.
The water system was a major technological achievement and meet different needs: defense strategic city, water supply for household and craft (leather tanning, textile manufacturing), production of hydroelectric power needed at various factories (mills, spinning the silk).
The important contributions from Bologna, as Domenico Guglielmi, the "science of water" are linked to this city's tradition as well as issues common to the whole valley of the Po
Bologna was endowed with a network of artificial water gradually between the ages XII and XVI, starting with the construction of the locks of Casalecchio and S. Ruffillo, respectively, on the river Rhine and Savena. The construction of the channel
Savena was achieved at the expense of the City in the late twelfth century. Probably it was, rather than a new construction, deepening the path of an existing channel.
The operation was necessary both to increase the number of flour mills, both to feed the moat of the second set of walls, the walls of Torresotti, built to defend the city by Frederick Barbarossa. Initially, the channel
lapped the eastern side of the walls in the area of \u200b\u200bS. Vitale. Were later made two more branches, one towards Porta Castiglione, and another that passes over the river Aposa, entered the city through Porta San Mamolo.
Shortly after the excavation of the channel Savena forty individuals, then as indicated generic Ramisani, formed a consortium to build a canal that carried water to the city of Reno
this purpose was made a lock that raises the river level.
The channel came up near the western moat of the walls of Torresotti, it skirted to more than today's because of Moline, and then bent to the north and headed for the countryside.
along the channel of each network of mills built Ramisani productive and efficient.
The waters of the canals, once used for industrial and civilian, and Bova flowed in the area were used to support river navigation along the Canal Navile.
This canal, built in 1208, a guaranteed way to commercial traffic from Bologna and Ferrara to Venice.
Within the walls of the widespread distribution of water was ensured by a set of channels or underground drains.
In the area bounded by the channel of the Rhine and the walls between Porta S. Isaia and Porta Lame, the water drains of moving the wheels of the silk mills located in the cellars of buildings.
The culverts flowing just below street level and a few feet below the "chiavicotti" catch the water used to put it again in the channels. 
Bologna in the Middle Ages had a dense network of waterways. Although this urban funnel has disappeared almost completely, it keeps track names in many cities. The water system was a major technological achievement and meet different needs: defense strategic city, water supply for household and craft (leather tanning, textile manufacturing), production of hydroelectric power needed at various factories (mills, spinning the silk).
The important contributions from Bologna, as Domenico Guglielmi, the "science of water" are linked to this city's tradition as well as issues common to the whole valley of the Po
Bologna was endowed with a network of artificial water gradually between the ages XII and XVI, starting with the construction of the locks of Casalecchio and S. Ruffillo, respectively, on the river Rhine and Savena. The construction of the channel
Savena was achieved at the expense of the City in the late twelfth century. Probably it was, rather than a new construction, deepening the path of an existing channel.
The operation was necessary both to increase the number of flour mills, both to feed the moat of the second set of walls, the walls of Torresotti, built to defend the city by Frederick Barbarossa. Initially, the channel
lapped the eastern side of the walls in the area of \u200b\u200bS. Vitale. Were later made two more branches, one towards Porta Castiglione, and another that passes over the river Aposa, entered the city through Porta San Mamolo.
Shortly after the excavation of the channel Savena forty individuals, then as indicated generic Ramisani, formed a consortium to build a canal that carried water to the city of Reno
this purpose was made a lock that raises the river level.
The channel came up near the western moat of the walls of Torresotti, it skirted to more than today's because of Moline, and then bent to the north and headed for the countryside.
along the channel of each network of mills built Ramisani productive and efficient.
The waters of the canals, once used for industrial and civilian, and Bova flowed in the area were used to support river navigation along the Canal Navile.
This canal, built in 1208, a guaranteed way to commercial traffic from Bologna and Ferrara to Venice.
Within the walls of the widespread distribution of water was ensured by a set of channels or underground drains.
In the area bounded by the channel of the Rhine and the walls between Porta S. Isaia and Porta Lame, the water drains of moving the wheels of the silk mills located in the cellars of buildings.
The culverts flowing just below street level and a few feet below the "chiavicotti" catch the water used to put it again in the channels.
Saturday, October 27, 2007
Are Healthleadsnow Transfers Good?
silk processing
The water system of Bologna was also important for the diffusion of water to the numerous silk mills in the city.
Silk is a natural fiber produced by the silkworm to form the cocoon.
Since ancient times, this thread through a few hundred meters from the cocoon was done through a process that first reeling.
this step will take a basin and a reel.
From the bowl that contained the cocoons in hot water bath, a worker with a dozen leaders formed a single thread, that another woman wrapped on a reel to form a skein. Progressively, the reeling
concentrated in large mills where dozens of workers performed the work with machines increasingly perfezionate.Prima weaving yarns suffered further processing, one or more wires were shrunk and stiffened by repeated twists.
This operation, this twisting, is traditionally made by hand, or with the help of small domestic instruments, such as the time. However
in Bologna since the fourteenth century it was used for twisting the silk a complex machine of origin of Lucca, the spinning round.
It was a machine to move to take up arms and twisting the wires together hundreds of reels. In the prototype
Lucca Bologna applied the water wheel spinning and thus placed in a small room turned into silk mills on three or four floors of buildings where tens of crowded operai.I spinning could only use wireless wrapped in coils.
transfer from coils of wire on spools, incannatura said, was handmade by women working in their homes.
this manually, because of its slowness, it created a slowdown in the production cycle, only partially mechanized.
In the sixteenth century in Bologna to solve this problem was introduced winder mechanism operated by the transmission of the spinning wheel. The silk mills
alla bolognese (with mechanical waterwheel and winder) were particularly effective because they increase the production rates and guaranteed highest quality yarn better constant speed of the water wheel, provided by a regular flow of water, allowed to obtain uniformly twisted yarns and more durable. Col
silk mill preparing various types of yarns for warp and woof.
The most famous of these was the organzine obtained by twisting the first joint of two wires twisted separately.
Historians say that the industrial revolution of the silk mill in Bologna is an important example of proto-industrial factory system.
The production process was in fact completely mechanized: the workers were merely feeding the machine, when you tie the threads broke, remove the already twisted coils from the air and store them in special baskets.
The length of the workday of the workers of the mills was approximately fourteen hours.
Due to an injury that saw the light of the sun damage the color of the silk, are working in confined spaces and in the gloom. The air
closed, humid and dusty and the excessive length of the workday were particularly harmful to the health of workers, among whom were many of the technology bambini.La silk mill was kept in Bologna as the most jealously guarded secrets because it was feared that its spread to other cities would fuel a dangerous competition. However, despite the severe penalties for those who violate the secret, by the end of the sixteenth century the system of spinning machine was exported to Bologna and Venice to Reggio.
Towards the second half of the seventeenth century, the silk mills began to spread in Lombardy and Piedmont.
beginning of the eighteenth century English an industrial spy, John Lombe, brought to England the secret of the mill and with the help of skilled workers of Italian origin, he built a large mill near Derby seta.Secondo by some historians it is the first modern factory built in England .
For privacy reasons already mentioned, the images we received on the machine silk Bolognese are small, secretive or lacunose.Solo designs Heinrick Schickhardt (1599) and Antonio Zonca (1607) reproduce the machine in its complexity , while not providing sufficient information for construction.
The production of silk has for centuries been the most important sector of Bologna. A guide was the powerful guild of the Silk Road.
At the end of the seventeenth century were concentrated within the walls of Bologna 119 353 silk mills moved by water wheels, a power of 1 or 2 HP, fed by water that reached the cellars of entire blocks.
The silk factory in Bologna, at the end of the sixteenth century gave a living to about 40% of the population was divided into two sectors: the Opera or white veils, which used only local silks, plain and Opera, which specializes in dell'organzino production and drapes.
The peasants were forced to sell raw silk on the urban market.
This is to feed the industries concentrated in Bologna.
Most of the silk produced was exported via Venice on the international market, in France, Flanders, Germany, England, in the East turkish.
Since the end of the seventeenth century began a slow decline of the silk industry in Bologna.
The construction of more advanced mills are capable of providing higher quality products in Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, political instability, wars of the Napoleonic period and the decline in the production of cocoons competed at the final sunset of the silk industry in Bologna.
In the early decades of the silk mills appear now in decline.
If the search for new solutions and technological innovations was the strength of Bologna in this area, the inability to renew technologies and face the competition with more modern machines was the real reason for the crisis. 
The water system of Bologna was also important for the diffusion of water to the numerous silk mills in the city. Silk is a natural fiber produced by the silkworm to form the cocoon.
Since ancient times, this thread through a few hundred meters from the cocoon was done through a process that first reeling.
this step will take a basin and a reel.
From the bowl that contained the cocoons in hot water bath, a worker with a dozen leaders formed a single thread, that another woman wrapped on a reel to form a skein. Progressively, the reeling
concentrated in large mills where dozens of workers performed the work with machines increasingly perfezionate.Prima weaving yarns suffered further processing, one or more wires were shrunk and stiffened by repeated twists.
This operation, this twisting, is traditionally made by hand, or with the help of small domestic instruments, such as the time. However
in Bologna since the fourteenth century it was used for twisting the silk a complex machine of origin of Lucca, the spinning round.
It was a machine to move to take up arms and twisting the wires together hundreds of reels. In the prototype
Lucca Bologna applied the water wheel spinning and thus placed in a small room turned into silk mills on three or four floors of buildings where tens of crowded operai.I spinning could only use wireless wrapped in coils.
transfer from coils of wire on spools, incannatura said, was handmade by women working in their homes.
this manually, because of its slowness, it created a slowdown in the production cycle, only partially mechanized.
In the sixteenth century in Bologna to solve this problem was introduced winder mechanism operated by the transmission of the spinning wheel. The silk mills
alla bolognese (with mechanical waterwheel and winder) were particularly effective because they increase the production rates and guaranteed highest quality yarn better constant speed of the water wheel, provided by a regular flow of water, allowed to obtain uniformly twisted yarns and more durable. Col
silk mill preparing various types of yarns for warp and woof.
The most famous of these was the organzine obtained by twisting the first joint of two wires twisted separately.
Historians say that the industrial revolution of the silk mill in Bologna is an important example of proto-industrial factory system.
The production process was in fact completely mechanized: the workers were merely feeding the machine, when you tie the threads broke, remove the already twisted coils from the air and store them in special baskets.
The length of the workday of the workers of the mills was approximately fourteen hours.
Due to an injury that saw the light of the sun damage the color of the silk, are working in confined spaces and in the gloom. The air
closed, humid and dusty and the excessive length of the workday were particularly harmful to the health of workers, among whom were many of the technology bambini.La silk mill was kept in Bologna as the most jealously guarded secrets because it was feared that its spread to other cities would fuel a dangerous competition. However, despite the severe penalties for those who violate the secret, by the end of the sixteenth century the system of spinning machine was exported to Bologna and Venice to Reggio.
Towards the second half of the seventeenth century, the silk mills began to spread in Lombardy and Piedmont.
beginning of the eighteenth century English an industrial spy, John Lombe, brought to England the secret of the mill and with the help of skilled workers of Italian origin, he built a large mill near Derby seta.Secondo by some historians it is the first modern factory built in England .
For privacy reasons already mentioned, the images we received on the machine silk Bolognese are small, secretive or lacunose.Solo designs Heinrick Schickhardt (1599) and Antonio Zonca (1607) reproduce the machine in its complexity , while not providing sufficient information for construction.
The production of silk has for centuries been the most important sector of Bologna. A guide was the powerful guild of the Silk Road.
At the end of the seventeenth century were concentrated within the walls of Bologna 119 353 silk mills moved by water wheels, a power of 1 or 2 HP, fed by water that reached the cellars of entire blocks.
The silk factory in Bologna, at the end of the sixteenth century gave a living to about 40% of the population was divided into two sectors: the Opera or white veils, which used only local silks, plain and Opera, which specializes in dell'organzino production and drapes.
The peasants were forced to sell raw silk on the urban market.
This is to feed the industries concentrated in Bologna.
Most of the silk produced was exported via Venice on the international market, in France, Flanders, Germany, England, in the East turkish.
Since the end of the seventeenth century began a slow decline of the silk industry in Bologna.
The construction of more advanced mills are capable of providing higher quality products in Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, political instability, wars of the Napoleonic period and the decline in the production of cocoons competed at the final sunset of the silk industry in Bologna.
In the early decades of the silk mills appear now in decline.
If the search for new solutions and technological innovations was the strength of Bologna in this area, the inability to renew technologies and face the competition with more modern machines was the real reason for the crisis.
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