The water system of Bologna was also important for the diffusion of water to the numerous silk mills in the city. Silk is a natural fiber produced by the silkworm to form the cocoon.
Since ancient times, this thread through a few hundred meters from the cocoon was done through a process that first reeling.
this step will take a basin and a reel.
From the bowl that contained the cocoons in hot water bath, a worker with a dozen leaders formed a single thread, that another woman wrapped on a reel to form a skein. Progressively, the reeling
concentrated in large mills where dozens of workers performed the work with machines increasingly perfezionate.Prima weaving yarns suffered further processing, one or more wires were shrunk and stiffened by repeated twists.
This operation, this twisting, is traditionally made by hand, or with the help of small domestic instruments, such as the time. However
in Bologna since the fourteenth century it was used for twisting the silk a complex machine of origin of Lucca, the spinning round.
It was a machine to move to take up arms and twisting the wires together hundreds of reels. In the prototype
Lucca Bologna applied the water wheel spinning and thus placed in a small room turned into silk mills on three or four floors of buildings where tens of crowded operai.I spinning could only use wireless wrapped in coils.
transfer from coils of wire on spools, incannatura said, was handmade by women working in their homes.
this manually, because of its slowness, it created a slowdown in the production cycle, only partially mechanized.
In the sixteenth century in Bologna to solve this problem was introduced winder mechanism operated by the transmission of the spinning wheel. The silk mills
alla bolognese (with mechanical waterwheel and winder) were particularly effective because they increase the production rates and guaranteed highest quality yarn better constant speed of the water wheel, provided by a regular flow of water, allowed to obtain uniformly twisted yarns and more durable. Col
silk mill preparing various types of yarns for warp and woof.
The most famous of these was the organzine obtained by twisting the first joint of two wires twisted separately.
Historians say that the industrial revolution of the silk mill in Bologna is an important example of proto-industrial factory system.
The production process was in fact completely mechanized: the workers were merely feeding the machine, when you tie the threads broke, remove the already twisted coils from the air and store them in special baskets.
The length of the workday of the workers of the mills was approximately fourteen hours.
Due to an injury that saw the light of the sun damage the color of the silk, are working in confined spaces and in the gloom. The air
closed, humid and dusty and the excessive length of the workday were particularly harmful to the health of workers, among whom were many of the technology bambini.La silk mill was kept in Bologna as the most jealously guarded secrets because it was feared that its spread to other cities would fuel a dangerous competition. However, despite the severe penalties for those who violate the secret, by the end of the sixteenth century the system of spinning machine was exported to Bologna and Venice to Reggio.
Towards the second half of the seventeenth century, the silk mills began to spread in Lombardy and Piedmont.
beginning of the eighteenth century English an industrial spy, John Lombe, brought to England the secret of the mill and with the help of skilled workers of Italian origin, he built a large mill near Derby seta.Secondo by some historians it is the first modern factory built in England .
For privacy reasons already mentioned, the images we received on the machine silk Bolognese are small, secretive or lacunose.Solo designs Heinrick Schickhardt (1599) and Antonio Zonca (1607) reproduce the machine in its complexity , while not providing sufficient information for construction.
The production of silk has for centuries been the most important sector of Bologna. A guide was the powerful guild of the Silk Road.
At the end of the seventeenth century were concentrated within the walls of Bologna 119 353 silk mills moved by water wheels, a power of 1 or 2 HP, fed by water that reached the cellars of entire blocks.
The silk factory in Bologna, at the end of the sixteenth century gave a living to about 40% of the population was divided into two sectors: the Opera or white veils, which used only local silks, plain and Opera, which specializes in dell'organzino production and drapes.
The peasants were forced to sell raw silk on the urban market.
This is to feed the industries concentrated in Bologna.
Most of the silk produced was exported via Venice on the international market, in France, Flanders, Germany, England, in the East turkish.
Since the end of the seventeenth century began a slow decline of the silk industry in Bologna.
The construction of more advanced mills are capable of providing higher quality products in Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, political instability, wars of the Napoleonic period and the decline in the production of cocoons competed at the final sunset of the silk industry in Bologna.
In the early decades of the silk mills appear now in decline.
If the search for new solutions and technological innovations was the strength of Bologna in this area, the inability to renew technologies and face the competition with more modern machines was the real reason for the crisis.
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